Circumcision: Medicalpros and consfacts and benefits
![Newborm Cicumcision Procedure](https://images.medicinenet.com/images/article/main_image/newborn-circumcision.jpg?resize=650px:*&output-quality=75)
- Inability to retract the foreskin fully at birth is not a medical reason for a circumcision.
- Circumcision preventsphimosis(the inability to retract the foreskin at an age when it should normally be retractable),paraphimosis(the painful inability to return the foreskin to its original location), and balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and foreskin).
- Circumcision increases the chance of meatitis (inflammation of the opening of the penis).
- Circumcision may result in a decreased incidence ofurinary tract infections.
- Circumcision may result in a lower incidence ofsexually transmitted diseasesand may reduceHIVtransmission.
- Circumcision may lower the risk forcancer of the cervixin sexual partners.
- Circumcision may decrease the risk forcancerof the penis.
- There is still no absolute medical indication for routine circumcision of thenewborn.
The issue of circumcision is as controversial as it ever has been. There are well-known religious, social, and medical reasons to recommend circumcision; however, most major medical societies have taken an "impartial" view of the procedure, neither recommending nor renouncing the practice.
What has been the medical view of circumcision?
In 1975, the American Academy ofPediatrics(AAP) stated in no uncertain terms that "there is no absolute medical indication for routine circumcision of the newborn." In 1983, the AAP and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) restated this position. In 1999, in 2005, and again in 2012, the AAP again restated this position of equivocation.
Currently, the practice of newborn circumcision is very common. It has been estimated that a majority of males in the United States are circumcised. This number varies depending upon ethnicity and religious affiliation.
关于新生儿包皮环切,大多数医生day agree with the practice of informing parents of the risks and benefits of the procedure in an unbiased manner. Recently, however, several large studies revealed a large decrease inHIVtransmission in circumcised males compared to uncircumcised males. This finding did not impact the equivocal stance taken by these physician organizations, and they still recommend giving parents the ability to choose whether or not to circumcise their infant based on preference and religious beliefs.
What is the anatomy of the penis?
The penis is a cylindrical shaft with a rounded tip. The rounded tip is called the glans. There is a groove (termed the coronal sulcus) between the shaft and the glans of the penis. The fold of skin that covers the glans is the foreskin (the prepuce).
What is newborn circumcision?
Newborn circumcision consists of removal of the
Incidentally, the Latincircummeans around (or about). Circumcision is a cutting around.
What is the status of the foreskin at birth?
Few boys are born with a retractable foreskin. This reflects the fact that the tissue development of the foreskin is usually not complete at birth.
The foreskin is thus not fully separable from the glans in most newborn boys. By 1 year of age, the foreskin can be retracted in about half of boys, and by 3 years, the foreskin can be retracted in a majority of uncircumcised boys.
What does this have to do with circumcision?
It means that the inability to retract the foreskin at birth and in infancy is normal and does not constitute a medical reason for a circumcision.
What is phimosis?
Phimosisis a medical indication for circumcision. It is defined as "stenosis of the preputial ring with resultant inability to retract a fully differentiated foreskin." In other words, phimosis is present if the foreskin cannot be retracted at an age when it should normally be retractable.
What is the treatment for phimosis?
Phimosis can be treated by circumcision or by surgical enlargement of the phimotic ring, the ring of tissue causing the phimosis.
What is paraphimosis?
Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin, once retracted, cannot return to its original location. The foreskin is trapped behind the groove of the coronal sulcus. Paraphimosis causes blood to pool in the veins behind the entrapment, which induces swelling. The swelling leads to severepainin the penis and makes it impossible to return the foreskin manually to its original location.
What is the treatment for paraphimosis?
The foreskin, after lubrication, can sometimes be reduced. However, this works only if the paraphimosis is discovered very early. Because of thepain, the child has to have a short-acting general anesthetic or heavy sedation for the treatment. Paraphimosis may be treated by circumcision.
![](https://images.medicinenet.com//images/slideshow/mens-screening-s1-doctor-talking-to-man.jpg)
SLIDESHOW
Screening Tests Every Man Should HaveSee SlideshowWhat is balanoposthitis?
Balanitisis inflammation of the glans, while posthitis is inflammation of the foreskin.Balanitisand posthitis generally occur together as balanoposthitis: inflammation of both the glans and foreskin of the penis.
What if an uncircumcised boy has phimosis, paraphimosis, or balanoposthitis?
Boys who are not circumcised as newborns may later have circumcision for the treatment of phimosis, paraphimosis, or balanoposthitis. When done after the newborn period, circumcision is considerably more complicated.
What is meatitis?
Meatitis is inflammation of the opening (the meatus) of the penis. This opening is formally called the external urethral meatus.
circumcisio之间的关系是什么n and meatitis?
Meatitis is more common in boys who have been circumcised. This stands to reason since, in circumcised boys the urethral meatus is more exposed and likely to be chafed or irritated than in boys who were not circumcised. There is no evidence that meatitis leads to narrowing (stenosis) of the urethral meatus or to other serious problems.
Is it easier to care for the circumcised penis or uncircumcised penis?
- The circumcised penis is generally easier to keep clean.
- An uncircumcised boy should be taught to clean his penis with care.
- 轻轻清洗阴茎是通过,不是forcibly, retracting the foreskin.
- The foreskin should be retracted only to the point where resistance is met.
- Full retraction of the foreskin may not be possible until the boy is 3 years old or older.
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circumcisio之间的关系是什么n and urinary tract infections?
The incidence ofurinary tract infectionsin male infants appears to be lower when circumcision is done in the newborn period. It was first reported in 1982 that urinary tract infections (UTIs) are more common among infant males than they are in infant females (this switches later on in life). In this study, it was revealed that about 95% of the infected infant boys had not been circumcised. This risk is especially significant in infants less than 1 year of age. Many studies have shown that uncircumcised infants have a tenfold increased risk of developing aUTIwhen compared to circumcised infants.
What might this relationship between circumcision and urinary tract infections mean?
Circumcision prevents the growth of bacteria under the foreskin, and this, in turn, protects male infants againsturinary tract infection. The high incidence of urinary tract infections in uncircumcised boys has also been found to be accompanied by an increased incidence of other significant infections such asbacteremia(bacterial infection of the bloodstream) andmeningitis(infection of the covering of the brain). The protective effect of circumcision may thus extend to a number of infectious diseases.
circumcisio之间的关系是什么n and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
There is a higher risk ofgonorrheaand inflammation of the urethra (the tube that carries the urine from the bladder outside) in uncircumcised men. It has also been reported that other sexually transmitted diseases (such aschancroid,syphilis,human papillomavirus, andherpes simplex virus type 2infection) are more frequent in uncircumcised men. As mentioned above, most recently three large studies performed in Africa documented that circumcision was protective with respect to the acquisition ofHIVinfection as compared to those uncircumcised subjects.
What might this connection between circumcision and sexually transmitted diseases mean?
Circumcision prevents the growth under the foreskin of the agents that cause sexually transmitted diseases. Removal of the foreskin may provide some measure of protection from these diseases to males and their mates.
What is the correlation between sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer?
There is a strong connection between sexually transmitted diseases andcervical cancer. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 (as well as other less commonHPVtypes) are causes ofprecancerouschanges in the cervix andcervical cancer.
The strongest predisposing factors in cervicalcancerare a history of intercourse at an early age and multiple sexual partners. AnHPV vaccineis now available and recommended for all girls and boys, and when given before the first sexual encounter, it has been shown to be protective against the most commonHPVtypes associated withmalignancy. Thevaccinepresumably prevents cervicalcancerassociated with these specific infections but is unable to preventcancersarising from infections with less common HPV types not contained in the vaccine. Therefore, routine screening for precancerous changes in the cervix is still recommended.
What might this relationship between lack of circumcision and cervical cancer mean?
Circumcision may partially protect the mate from cancer of the cervix by removing the foreskin which harbors sexually transmittedviruses(HPVs) that promote this common form of female cancer.
circumcisio之间的关系是什么n and penile cancer?
- The predicted lifetime risk of cancer of the penis in an uncircumcised man is one in 600 in the United States.
- Cancer of the penis carries a death (mortality) rate as high as 25%.
- This cancer occurs almost exclusively in uncircumcised men. In five major research studies, no man who had been circumcised as a newborn developed penile cancer.
- Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, which are sexually transmitted, are involved in cancer of the penis.
- 这就是为什么常规疫苗接种对nst HPV is recommended for both boys and girls.
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REFERENCES:
American Academy of Pediatrics. "Circumcision Policy Statement."Pediatrics130 (2012): 585-586.
Morris, B.J., et al. "A 'snip' in time: what is the best age to circumcise?"BMC Pediatrics12 (2012): 20.
Tobian, A.R., et al. "Male Circumcision for the Prevention of Acquisition and Transmission of sexually transmitted infections: The case for Neonatal Circumcision."Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 164.1 (2010): 78-84.
Wang, M.L., et al. "Updated parental viewpoints on male neonatal circumcision in the U.S."Clinical Pediatrics49.2 Feb. 2010: 130-136.
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Cancer
Cancer is a disease caused by an abnormal growth of cells, also called malignancy. It is a group of 100 different diseases, and is not contagious. Cancer can be treated through chemotherapy, a treatment of drugs that destroy cancer cells.Cancer Risk Factors and Causes
Though it's difficult to say why some people develop cancer while others don't, research shows that certain risk factors increase a person's odds of developing cancer. These risk factors include growing older, family history of cancer, diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and exposure to sunlight, ionizing radiation, certain chemicals, and some viruses and bacteria.Cervical Cancer (Cancer of the Cervix)
Cervical cancer is cancer of the entrance to the womb (uterus) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Regular pelvic exams, Pap testing and screening can detect precancerous changes in the cervix. Cervical cancer can be prevented by a vaccine. The most common signs and symptoms are an increase in vaginal discharge, painful sex, and postmenopausal bleeding. The prognosis and survival rate depends upon the stage at which the cancer was diagnosed.Circumcision Procedure
Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is generally a safe surgical procedure.How Is Circumcision Done?
Circumcision, the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis, is usually performed with local anesthesia in newborns, but older children, adolescents and adults may require sedation.Is Circumcision Good or Bad?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states that there is insufficient scientific evidence to justify circumcision in young boys. Ultimately parents should make a decision on whether circumcision is in the best interest of their son. The decision should be totally personal and they should weigh medical information in the context of their religious, ethical and cultural beliefs.Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) usually is caused byE. coliand other bacteria that have spread from the bladder from a UTI (urinary tract infection), poor hygiene, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, catheter, cystoscope exam, surgery, kidney stones, or prostate enlargement. Symptoms of kidney infection include back pain, frequent urination, pain during urination, fever, and or pus or blood in the urine. Kidney infection can be cured with antibiotic treatment. Cranberry juice may prevent UTIs, but that hasn’t been proven in all research studies.Penis Cancer
Signs and symptoms of penile cancer include a lump on the penis and redness, irritation, or a sore on the penis. Risk of penis cancer is higher in uncircumcised men, due to a higher risk of HPV infection. Other risk factors include being over 60, having phimosis, having poor hygiene, using tobacco products, and having many sex partners. Prognosis and treatment depend upon the tumor's location and size, the stage of the cancer, and whether the cancer was recently diagnosed or if it recurred.Penis Picture
The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. See a picture of the Penis and learn more about the health topic.STDs in Men
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted during sexual contact. They may be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. STDs in men cause no symptoms or symptoms like genital burning, itching, sores, rashes, or discharge. Common infections that are sexually transmitted in men include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, hepatitis C and B, genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV), and genital herpes. Some STDs in men are treatable while others are not. STDs are diagnosed with tests that identify proteins or genetic material of the organisms causing the infection. The prognosis of an STD depends on whether the infection is treatable or not. Use of latex condoms can help reduce the risk of contracting an STD but it does not eliminate the risk entirely.Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the bladder, kidneys, ureters, or urethra.E. coli, a type of bacteria that lives in the bowel and near the anus, causes most UTIs. UTI symptoms include pain, abdominal pain, mild fever, urinary urgency, and frequency. Treatment involves a course of antibiotics.